HENRY STAFFORD, Second DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM,1 (1454-1483), was the son of Humphrey Stafford, killed at the
first battle of St. Albans in 1455, and grandson of Humphrey the 1st Duke
(cr. 1444), killed at Northampton in 1460, both fighting for Lancaster. The first duke, who bore the
title of Earl of Buckingham in right of his mother, was the son of Edmund, 5th Earl of Stafford, and of Anne, daughter of
Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III; Henry's
mother was Margaret Beaufort, daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset,* grandson of
John of Gaunt. Thus he came on both sides of the Blood Royal, and this, coupled with the vastness of his
inheritance, made the young duke's future of importance to Edward IV.
He was recognized as duke in 1465, and next year was married to Catherine Woodville, the queen's [Elizabeth Woodville]
sister. On reaching manhood he was made a Knight of the Garter in 1474, and in 1478 was high steward at the trial of
George, Duke of Clarence. He had not otherwise filled any
position of importance, but his fidelity might seem to have been secured by his marriage. However, after Edward's
death; Buckingham was one of the first persons worked upon by Richard, Duke of Gloucester. It was
through his help that Richard obtained possession of the young king [Edward V], and he was at once
rewarded with the offices of Justiciar and Chamberlain of North and South Wales, and Constable of all the royal castles in the
principality and Welsh Marches. In the proceedings which led to the deposition of Edward V he took a prominent part, and on the
24th of June 1483 he urged the citizens at the Guildhall to take Richard as king, in a speech of much eloquence, "for he was
neither unlearned and of nature marvellously well spoken" (Sir Thomas More).
At Richard's coronation he served as chamberlain, and immediately afterwards was made Constable of England and confirmed in his
powers in Wales. Richard might well have believed that the duke's support was secured. But early in August Buckingham withdrew
from the court to Brecon. He may have thought that he deserved an even greater reward, or possibly had dreams of establishing his
own claims to the crown. At all events, at Brecon he fell somewhat easily under the influence of his prisoner,
John Morton, who induced him to give his support to his cousin
Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond. A widespread plot was soon formed, but Richard had early warning, and on
the 15th of October, issued a proclamation against Buckingham. Buckingham, as arranged, prepared to enter England with a large force
of Welshmen. His advance was stopped by an extraordinary flood on the Severn, his army melted away without striking a blow, and he
himself took refuge with a follower, Ralph Bannister, at Lacon Hall, near Wem. The man betrayed him for a large reward, and on the
1st of November, Buckingham was brought to the king at Salisbury. Richard refused to see him, and after a summary trial had him
executed next day (2nd of November 1483), though it was a Sunday.
Buckingham's eldest son, Edward Stafford (1478-1521), eventually succeeded him as 3rd Duke, the
attainder being removed in 1485; the second son, Henry, was afterwards Earl of Wiltshire. The 3rd Duke
played an important part as Lord High Constable at the opening of the reign of Henry VIII,
and is introduced into Shakespeare's play of that king, but he fell through his opposition to Wolsey, and
in 1521 was condemned for treason and executed (17th of May); the title was then forfeited with his attainder, his only son Henry
(1501-1563), who in his father's lifetime was styled Earl of Stafford, being, however, given back his estates in 1522, and in 1547
restored in blood by parliament with the title of Baron Stafford, which became extinct in this line with Roger, 5th Baron, in 1640.
In that year the barony of Stafford was granted to William Howard (1614-1680), who after two months was created Viscount Stafford;
he was beheaded in 1680, and his son was created Earl of Stafford in 1688, a title which became extinct in 1762; but in 1825 the
descent to the barony of 1640 was established, to the satisfaction of the House of Lords, in the person of Sir G. W. Jerningham,
in whose family it then continued.
1 i.e. in the Stafford line.
* [AJ Note: not to be confused with the more famous Margaret Beaufort, daughter of
John Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset.]
Excerpted from:
Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol IV.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 727.
Books for further study:
More, Sir Thomas. History of King Richard III.
Hesperus Press, 2005.
Rawcliffe, Carole. The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham: 1394-1521.
Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Shakespeare, William. Richard III.
Folger Shakespeare Library, 2004.
Weir, Alison. The Wars of the Roses.
Ballantine Books, 1996.
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to King Richard III
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