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HENRIETTA MARIA, Queen of Charles I of England, born on the 25th of November 1609, was the daughter
of Henry IV of France. When the first serious overtures for her hand were made on behalf of Charles, Prince of Wales, in the spring of
1624, she was little more than fourteen years of age. Her brother, Louis XIII, only consented to the marriage on the condition that the
English Roman Catholics were relieved from the operation of the penal laws. When therefore she set out for her new home in June 1625,
she had already pledged the husband to whom she had been married by proxy on the 1st of May to a course of action which was certain to
bring unpopularity on him as well as upon herself.
That husband was now King of England. The early years of the married life of Charles I were most unhappy.
He soon found an excuse for breaking his promise to relieve the English Catholics. His young wife was deeply offended by treatment which
she naturally regarded as unhandsome. The favourite, Buckingham,
stirred the flames of his master's discontent. Charles in vain strove to reduce her to tame submission. After the assassination of
Buckingham in 1628, the barrier between the married pair was broken down, and the bond of affection which from that moment united them
was never loosened. The children of the marriage were Charles II (b. 1630), Mary, Princess of Orange (b. 1631),
James II (b. 1633), Elizabeth (b. 1636), Henry, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1640), and Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans
(b. 1644).
For some years Henrietta Maria's chief interests lay in her young family, and in the amusements of a gay and brilliant court. She loved
to be present at dramatic entertainments, and her participation in the private rehearsals of the Shepherd's Pastoral, written by
her favourite Walter Montague, probably drew down upon her the savage attack of Prynne. With political matters she hardly meddled as yet.
Even her co-religionists found little aid from her till the summer of 1637. She had then recently opened a diplomatic communication with
the see of Rome. She appointed an agent to reside at Rome, and a papal agent, a Scotsman named George Conn, accredited to her, was soon
engaged in effecting conversions amongst the English gentry and nobility. Henrietta Maria was well pleased to become a patroness of so
holy a work, especially as she was not asked to take any personal trouble in the matter.
Protestant England took alarm at the proceedings of a Queen who associated herself so closely with the doings of "the grim wolf with privy
paw." When the Scottish troubles broke out, she raised money from her fellow-Catholics to support the king's army on the borders in 1639.
During the session of the Short Parliament in the spring of 1640, the queen urged the king to oppose himself to the House of Commons in
defence of the Catholics. When the Long Parliament met, the Catholics were believed to be the authors and
agents of every arbitrary scheme which was supposed to have entered into the plans of Strafford or
Laud. Before the Long Parliament had sat for two months, the queen was urging upon the pope the duty of lending money
to enable her to restore her husband's authority. She threw herself heart and soul into the schemes for rescuing Strafford and coercing the
parliament. The army plot, the scheme for using Scotland against England, and the attempt upon the five members were the fruits of her
political activity.
In the next year the queen effected her passage to the Continent. In February 1643 she landed at Burlington Quay, placed herself at the head
of a force of loyalists, and marched through England to join the King near Oxford. After little more than a year's residence there, on the
3rd of April 1644, she left her husband, to see his face no more. Henrietta Maria found a refuge in France. Richelieu was dead, and Anne of
Austria was compassionate. As long as her husband was alive the Queen never ceased to encourage him to resistance.
During her exile in France she had much to suffer. Her husband's execution in 1649 was a terrible blow. She brought up her youngest child
Henrietta in her own faith, but her efforts to induce her youngest son, the Duke of Gloucester, to take the same course only produced
discomfort in the exiled family. The story of her marriage with her attached servant Lord Jermyn needs more confirmation than it has yet
received to be accepted, but all the information which has reached us of her relations with her children points to the estrangement which
had grown up between them. When after the Restoration she returned to England, she found that she had no place in the new world. She received
from parliament a grant of £30,000 a year in compensation for the loss of her dower-lands, and the King added a similar sum as a pension
from himself. In January 1661 she returned to France to be present at the marriage of her daughter Henrietta to the Duke of Orleans. In July
1662 she set out again for England, and took up her residence once more at Somerset House. Her health failed her, and on the 24th of June 1665,
she departed in search of the clearer air of her native country. She died on the 31st of August 1666, at Colombes, not far from Paris.
Excerpted from:
Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol XIII.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 273.
Other Local Resources:
Books for further study:
Britland, Karen. Drama at the Courts of Queen Henrietta Maria
Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Peacey, Jason. The Regicides and the Execution of Charles I
Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
Plowden, Alison. Henrietta Maria: Charles I's Indomitable Queen
Sutton Publishing, 2002.
White, Michelle Anne. Henrietta Maria And the English Civil Wars
Ashgate Publishing, 2006.
Queen Henrietta Maria on the Web:
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Portrait: Queen Henrietta Maria with Sir Jeffrey Hudson.
Sir Anthony Van Dyck, 1633. National Gallery, Washington.
Site copyright ©1996-2023 Anniina Jokinen. All Rights Reserved.
Created by Anniina Jokinen on January 19, 2007. Last updated March 6, 2023.
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